the Lateran treaty
This treaty was between the Holy See and the kingdom of Italy. It was signed 1929 in the Lateran Palace in Rome by Cardinal Gasparri for Pius XI and by Benito Mussolini for Victor Emmanuel III. One of the most important negotiators was Cardinal Pacelli, later Pope Pius XII. In 1871 the unity of Italy was perfected by restricting the papal sovereignty to a few buildings and awarding to Pope Pius IX and his successors an annual indemnity for the lost Papal States. The Roman Catholic Church never recognized any part of this arrangement nor did they accept the indemnity. All the problems in this arrangement were called the Roman Question and were solved by the treaty. The new arrangements are listed below:
1. Roman Catholicism is the only state religion of Italy and that Italy recognizes the new state, the Vatican City, as fully sovereign and independent
2. Italy guarantees the Vatican City public services and protection and is recognized it as parts of certain buildings not actually inside Vatican City
3. The Italian government will punish crimes committed within Vatican City, when requested, and the Holy See will extradite to Italy persons accused of acts recognized by both parties as crimes
4. Matrimony is a sacrament, and banns must be published; nullity of marriages is a question for the Church, while separations are adjudicated by the state
5. Religion is to be taught in primary and secondary schools, and the Holy See guarantees that Roman Catholic organizations will abstain from politics
6. The Italian government is to consider the pope sacred and inviolable
7. The Holy See, pursuant to its perpetual mission of peace, will remain apart from temporal competitions of other states and from international congresses for peace, unless a unanimous appeal is made to its mission; the Holy See will use its moral and spiritual power to prevent warfare when it sees fit
The Holy See announced in the treaty that it had its proper liberty, that the Roman Question was closed, and that it recognized the kingdom of Italy under the house of Savoy. The Lateran Treaty remained in effect after the monarchy was destroyed at the end of World War II. However, a concordate was put into effect in 1985. It modified the treaty, most importantly stating that Roman Catholicism is no longer the state religion of Italy. The sovereignty of Vatican City is still recognized to this day.
1. Roman Catholicism is the only state religion of Italy and that Italy recognizes the new state, the Vatican City, as fully sovereign and independent
2. Italy guarantees the Vatican City public services and protection and is recognized it as parts of certain buildings not actually inside Vatican City
3. The Italian government will punish crimes committed within Vatican City, when requested, and the Holy See will extradite to Italy persons accused of acts recognized by both parties as crimes
4. Matrimony is a sacrament, and banns must be published; nullity of marriages is a question for the Church, while separations are adjudicated by the state
5. Religion is to be taught in primary and secondary schools, and the Holy See guarantees that Roman Catholic organizations will abstain from politics
6. The Italian government is to consider the pope sacred and inviolable
7. The Holy See, pursuant to its perpetual mission of peace, will remain apart from temporal competitions of other states and from international congresses for peace, unless a unanimous appeal is made to its mission; the Holy See will use its moral and spiritual power to prevent warfare when it sees fit
The Holy See announced in the treaty that it had its proper liberty, that the Roman Question was closed, and that it recognized the kingdom of Italy under the house of Savoy. The Lateran Treaty remained in effect after the monarchy was destroyed at the end of World War II. However, a concordate was put into effect in 1985. It modified the treaty, most importantly stating that Roman Catholicism is no longer the state religion of Italy. The sovereignty of Vatican City is still recognized to this day.
("Lateran Treaty." Infoplease. Infoplease, 2011. Web. 25 Nov. 2012. <http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/lateran-treaty.html>.)